perfect infinitive वाक्य
उदाहरण वाक्य
मोबाइल
- Perfect infinitives ( prior infinitives ) occur at a time before the main verb.
- Perfect infinitives are also found in other European languages which have perfect forms with auxiliaries similarly to English.
- These include non-finite forms such as perfect infinitives . ( More possible forms and examples are given under below .)
- The expression can be used with a perfect infinitive : " you'd better have finished that report by tomorrow ".
- Unlike the past-tense augment, this reduplication or augment is retained in all the moods of the perfect tense as well as in the perfect infinitive and participle.
- The perfect infinitive ( without " to " in most cases ) can be used after modality with regard to past events : " you should have done that "; " she might have seen it ".
- In the case that an imperfect or Pluperfect was initially used in direct speech, the Perfect infinitive is normally used instead, the only one capable of denoting a state of affairs anterior to time denoted by the matrix verb introducing the indirect speech.
- When the circumstance in question refers to the past, the form with the perfect infinitive is used : " he can't ( cannot ) have done it " means " I believe it impossible that he did it " ( compare " he must have done it " ).
- In many cases, in order to give modals past reference, they are used together with a " perfect infinitive ", namely the auxiliary " have " and a past participle, as in " I should have asked her "; " You may have seen me ".
- This applies particularly when the perfect infinitive is used together with modal verbs : for example, " he could not have been a genius " might be considered ( based on its meaning ) to be a past tense of " he cannot / could not be a genius "; such forms are considered true perfect forms by some linguists but not others.
- When the clause has past time reference, the construction with the modal plus perfect infinitive ( see above ) is used : " If they ( had ) wanted to do it, they "'would ( could / might ) have done "'it by now . " ( The " would have done " construction is called the conditional perfect .)
- The use of " could " with the perfect infinitive expresses past ability or possibility, either in some counterfactual circumstance ( " I could have told him if I had seen him " ), or in some real circumstance where the act in question was not in fact realized : " I could have told him yesterday " ( but in fact I didn't ).
- Both " will " and " would " can be used with the perfect infinitive ( " will have ", " would have " ), either to form the future perfect and conditional perfect forms already referred to, or to express perfect aspect in their other meanings ( e . g . " there will have been an arrest order ", expressing strong probability ).
- Verbs that usually have a future reference, such as " swear ", " promise ", " hope ", " threaten ", " expect " etc ., either take the declarative infinitive ( mostly the future, but less often also the present, aorist or perfect infinitive, even the infinitive with representing a potential optative or indicative ), and in this case indirect discourse is employed, or they are followed by the " to "-infinitive ), as shown below.
- The voice remains unchanged; but the tense of the infinitive is mostly controlled by the temporal relationship between the time expressed by the matrix verb's tense and the time denoted by the infinitive : " Present " tense at the moment of utterance ( simultaneous state of affairs between the matrix verb and the infinitive ) is expressed by the Present Infinitive; " past " tense ( the infinitive's state of affairs is anterior to the time of the matrix verb ) by the Perfect infinitive; and " future " tense ( time posterior to the matix verb ) by the Future infinitive.
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